I heard from a few friends that the training structure have changed. In my knowledge its due to the heavy requirement in the IT sector, which is a good sign to the aspiring engineers. Study well for the exams, wipro will surely present you handfull of chances to go up in your career. The sample questions are provided as a file, which you can “download for free”. Sample Questions PART-A and PART-B

According to me this is a very small chapter but very basic stuffs are discused in here.So read through very carefully try to understand the terms and feel free to ask any doubts we will try to clarify doubts as far as we can.From the previous chapters you would have got a brief idea about what is a database which are the different database models etc.Here we are going to start on a Relational database.

A Relational Database Management System uses the relational model that is relationship between records are maintained in the table.The features of an RDBMS include an interactive query language,retrieval of related data from more than one tables,a DataDictionary or catalog for easy access of data etc…

Some Important Terms with respect to DBMS

1. TUPLE: a row in a table is called a tuple.
2. RELATION: a table is usualy referred to as a relation.
3. ATTRIBUTES: a column in a table.
4. DEGREE: is number of attributes.
5. DOMAIN: a set of values from which attributes can take values.

Understanding the TERMS

Consider the same employee example i mentioned in the first chapter.While creating a (relation)table for the employees,the NAME,EMPLOYEE ID,DOB,DEPARTMENT,ADDRESS etc are attributes(columns),all these together form a tuple(row).Consider the attribute EMPLOYEE ID ,it takes the value as 6 digit positive integers,so that is the DOMAIN.Hope it is clear now.

KEYS : is an important topic that all of you should read properly.I will explain it with examples rather than with definitions.For this am using the same old example of an EMPLOYEE.I am going to list down a few ATTRIBUTES of it.

-Employee Name

-Employee ID(Eid)

-Domain

-Department

-DOB

-Blood Group

-Manager to whom he is reporting(Manager)

-CUBICLE ID(desk id/seat number)

-CUBICLE PHONE NUMBER(desk phone)

-Email Id

-Date of Joining(DOJ)

Certain attributes alone or in combination can distinguish one employee from another.Like Eid,Email Id both can itself identify an employee.Combination of EmployeeName+DOB+DOJ,EmployeeName+Manager+CUBICLE ID can also identify an employee.There can be many more combinations.From these we can simply take Eid as a unique identifier as it is the simplest key.

DEFINITIONS:-

-There may be 2 or more attributes or there combinations which can uniquely identify a record.These attributes or combinations are called CANDIDATE KEYS.Eg:-(Eid,Email Id,CUBICLE ID+CUBICLE PHONE).These are candidates for the primary key.Rest other than primary key in this set are called ALTERNATE KEYS.

-An attribute or set of attributes whose values uniquely identify each entity in an entity set is called KEY.

-If we add additional attributes to a key and it STILL uniquely identify an instance of the entity set such keys are called SUPER KEYS.

-A minimum super key is called PRIMARY KEY,it cant be NULL.

-A UNIQUE key can be NULL.

-Attribute or group which refers to some other table is called a FORIEGN KEY.

Any key consisting of a single attribute is called a SIMPLE KEY.And those with a combination of attributes are called COMPOSITE KEYS.With this i am winding this chapter.

Now that we have finished with the evolution of databases and the uses of a DB,the next important portion is understanding the architecture of a database system.A Db is complex piece of software that usually consists of a number of modules.As we know the PRIME aim of a DB is to handle data efficiently for the wide array of users,the DB must be aware of the data it is holding,or simply to help users, DB must maintain ” information about the DATA ” itself.This information include what data is stored,how it is stored,who can access to what parts of it etc.This information(DATA)about the data in a database is called the METADATA.

Users of a Database:A DB has three broad class of users-

1. Application Programmers.
2. End Users.
3. Database Administrator(DBA)#.

Application programmers are those people writing programs that use the database.End users are people who interact with the DB using an application or some interfaces,they usually dont know even about the existence of such software called database.DBA is the person who administers the DB.He creates the actual DB and implements the technical controls,maintains data security etc.

Components of A Database

1. Query Language:-is a programming language which is english like and more understandable,which helps the users to store and retrieve data.
2. Query Processor:-Translates statements in a query language into low level instructions that the DB understands.
3. Database Manager:- acts as an interface between applications programs,low level data and queries submited by users.
4. File Manager:-manages the disk space,storage and diferent data structures used to represent information on disk.

One basic characteristic of this database approach is that it provides a level of data abstraction by hiding certain details from users,which means each user will see only those data which they are expected to see.A DATA MODEL helps the DB in doing this.There are THREE categories of data models

1. Conceptual.
2. Physical.
3. Representational.

The goal of three schema architecture is to seperate the users from the physical database.The internal level is the one closest to physical storage,external is the one closest to the users,it is concerne about how data is viewed by diferent users.The conceptual level is an intermediate level between the other two levels.

A term while talking about databases that we come across is SCHEMA.What is a SCHEMA??Very precisely it is a description of data in terms of a data model.And the description of a database is called database SCHEMA.Now we are slowly moving to Database Models,

1. Relational Model:-Here every item in the DB is viewed as a record with certain attributes.And records with similar attributes is called a table.Eg: for DBMS’ which use relational model are Oracle,MySQL,Sybase etc.
2. Network Model:-This also considers data as records but difference from reational model is that each record will have a link field which will link to other records.Eg:-IDS(Integrated Data Store).
3. Hierarchical Model:-Here data is represented in hierarchical format as in a tree.This is a special type of network model,where a parent can have many children.

With this i am concluding on the initial requirements for studying a particular Relational Database Management System.From next chapter onwards we will give more stress to a particular DB,mostly Oracle or MS SQL Server.

#Functions of a DBA:

• Defining conceptual models and schema.
• Physical database design and mapping between internal and conceptual schemas.
• Defining security and integrity  rules.
• Defining backup and recovery mechanisms.
• Monitoring performance.

Introduction to Database Management Systems:

What is a database and how it emerged when a strong and widely accepted languges like C was there???The answer is simple in language like C the programmer deal with user and DATA directly where as in DBMS the programmer is least bothered of user.Only thing he need to take care of is effective management of  lumbs of data.Here i will try to explain DBMS and RDBMS mostly relating to ‘C’ assuming it as a known language to most people.The first thing that comes to our mind when we say a programming language is ofcourse programs.QUERY is the analogy in a DBMS.Now think about a situation where you have a program to store details of employees of a company,and DB is unknown to you.Then your only option for STORAGE and RETIEVAL of data is files.Any programmer knows the difficulties with files(FLAT files).Say we started using files,we have to store NAME,AGE,QUALIFICATION,EID,SALARY,DEPT,MANAGERID etc.of around 100 employees.Storing might be easy .But HOW about RETRIEVAL????? For retrieval we must store data in a particular fashion so that we ourself has to device a logic,like seperating each employee’s details with some special character,but again if we want any one of employee attributes again those also have to seperated somehow.All these will result in tedious program logic.THIS is HOW DBMS came in.

WHAT is a DBMS and its GOALS??

• Is a computerised record keeping system.
• Which can handle massive amounts of data.
• It provides for STORAGE ,RETRIEVAL,UPDATION of data in an organised manner.

GOALS

• Enforce security of data.
• Concurrency control and Crash recovery.

I would like to elaborate on the points in goals of a DBMS.Consider the case i mentioned earlier,a company and its employees.Who should have access to such a sensitive data?? Senior people only right?or else anyone can change critical details like salary.That is security of data.A DBMS will allow only authorised personnel.This is done using password,encryption etc.But every employee should have the right to check his data.Consider a scene when manager is editing the salary column of an employee,at that time employee is trying to edit his famiy details.Chances are there for an error,but it wont happen because DBMS provides CONCURRENT ACCESS CONTROL.

Def: of a Database Management System:- A DBMS is a collection of programs that facilitates the processof defining,constructing and manipulating databases.Defining a DB means specifying types of data,constructing means storing data and manipulation means updating and querying the Db.

Before finishing the first chapter i have one more relevant point to mention regarding,how a DB helps you.This is a very key point.Think about the same scenerio, the EMPLOYEE.We started without a DB,and used the Flat file system for some time.Now the company made a policy change,that it is going to give all its empoyees a special add on towards salary,which is not taxable,so it needs to be mentioned seperately with each employee.What will you do???With a DBMS the task is simple,this is called logical data independance.

RDBMS Topics

1. What is RDBMS ?
2. Benefits and Features of RDBMS.
3. Relations,Tuples,Attributes,degree.
4. Keys:-Super Key,Candidate Key,Primary Key,Alternate Key.
5. Designing using Entity-Relationship Model.
6. E-R Diagrams,Case Studies 1 or 2.
7. Normalization,1NF,2NF,3NF.

SQL Topics

1. Basic understanding on SQL.
2. Relational Operators,Logical Operators & expressions.
3. WHERE clause,ORDER BY clause.
4. Order of execution of SQL statements.
5. SQL Functions-

• Single Row Number Functions-abs(),Ceil(),exp(),sqrt().
• Char Functions-concat(),initcap(),ltrim(),rtrim(),substr().
• Date functions-addmonths(),extract(),round().
• nvl(),nvl2().

•  Types of Join.
• Group Functions.
• Sub-Queries.
• Oracle Architecture.
• Data Definition Language.
• DML.
• Transactions,Views.
• DCL Statements.

These topics are mainly covered in RDBMS and SQL classes.Hope that gave a small idea on the preparations.I forgot to mention about the FRP questions.As i have told earlier am putting so SAMPLE FRP questions.These are what I studied for the FRP.Hope that helps.

Get SampleQuestions

1. main()
{
float me = 1.1;
double you = 1.1;
if(me==you)
printf(“Hello”);
else
printf(“Welcome”);
}

Answer:
Welcome
Explanation:
For floating point numbers (float, double, long double) the values cannot be predicted exactly. Depending on the number of bytes, the precession with of the value represented varies. Float takes 4 bytes and long double takes 10 bytes. So float stores 0.9 with less precision than long double.
Note:
Never compare or at-least be cautious when using floating point numbers with relational operators (== , >, <, <=, >=,!= ) .

2.
#define square(x) x*x
main()
{
int i;
i = 64/square(4);
printf(“%d”,i);
}

Answer:
64
Explanation:
The macro call square(4) will substituted by 4*4 so the expression becomes i = 64/4*4 . Since / and * has equal priority the expression will be evaluated as (64/4)*4 i.e. 16*4 = 64.

3.
main()
{
int i;
printf(“%d”,scanf(“%d”,&i)); // value 10 is given as input here
}
Answer:
1
Explanation:
Scanf returns number of items successfully read and not 10. Here 10 is given as input which should have been scanned successfully. So number of items read is 1.

4.
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
printf(“enter the character”);
getchar();
sum(argv[1],argv[2]);
}
sum(num1,num2)
int num1,num2;
{
return num1+num2;
}

Answer:
Compiler error.
Explanation:
argv[1] & argv[2] are strings. They are passed to the function sum without converting it to integer values.atoi() is used to convert a string to integer.
5.
main()
{
char s[ ]=”man”;
int i;
for(i=0;s[ i ];i++)
printf(“\n%c%c%c%c”,s[ i ],*(s+i),*(i+s),i[s]);
}

Answer:
mmmm
aaaa
nnnn
Explanation:
s[i], *(i+s), *(s+i), i[s] are all different ways of expressing the same idea. Generally array name is the base address for that array. Here s is the base address. i is the index number/displacement from the base address. So, indirecting it with * is same as s[i]. i[s] may be surprising. But in the case of C it is same as s[i].

Once you get through the exams,please do help others as well, you can post questions and answers with explanations and any suggestions over here as comments, or if you really want to share something and help please contact us.We will surely provide platform for your suggestions.

 

             The second day was even more interesting with things like how to engage in a good conversation.Importance of listening in a conversation.How to converse properly,what are the skills required in a good conversation other than language etc.The stress was on non-verbal communication.Like gestures,eye contact,importance of a smile,noding while talking,postive replys to a sender etc.She made us do small skits to make us understand the importance of each of these.It was all fun plus informative.There were small group tasks to help us improve our group planing and behaviour in a group.There was one special excercise which helped us understand what each of us are.It was kind of physcological.A paper consisted of a lot of words in four columns.We were told to underline whichever words we feel like are related to us.Each column represented a particular behaviour.The column with max words underline will show your dominant character.DRIVER,EXPRESSOR,RELATOR,ANALYTICAL were the four types.Driver is one who always wants to be in control of the situation,Expressor is active kind adjusts with conditions,Relator needs some care and Analyst needs more and more data.She explained how to interact with each kind.Which might be usefull once we start meeting more and more people.With this day two also got over.

The third day was also resourcefull.Less activities more theory.Theory included E-mail etiquittes,dining etiquettes etc.One other excercise during last day which needs mentioning is a small group activity.It started like this, 8-9 people in a group and 7-8 groups.We were first told that she will give us small cubes,15 for each group and we have to make the tallest tower.We have choices for time and count of cubes required.Like 5 cubes 10 minutes ,15 cube 10 minutes,10 cube 15 minutes,each group can select their choice.After everybody made their choices she said the rules of the game.Only one person touches the cube,and that one is blindfolded.He can listen to others in the group and place the cubes one above another.Those who thought like 15 cube and 10 minutes is enough failed miserably.We thought she will declare winners,but nothing happened, she said in this game nobody is a loser and nobody is a winner.The moral of the exercise was in a project anything can be expected,rules can change on the run,listen to others,every team is different with different goals.With this the three days CRP finished,rest of the corporate etiquettes we have to study ourselves from experiance only.

TIPS on PET exam

• No “scanf()” are allowed in PET tool,so do programming using commandline arguments only.
• FILE operations you must be thorough with,because that is how PET accepts input.
• I think most PET questions are from C only ,as far as i know DATASTRUCTURES are not included in PET questions .

That is all about PET exams,now about DATA STRUCTURES, topics include basic DS only.Like

1. Linked Lists.
2. STACKS.
3. QUEUES.
4. DOUBLY Linked Lists.
5. Infix ,Postfix,Prefix conversions.
6. Trees and graphs also.

Those topics will be covered in 3 days time,so 2 days C Basics + 3 days DS gives 5 days FRP.And FRP test on the very next working day.Questions for the FRP will be of OBJECTIVE type.Those things i will mention in coming days.If  NON-IT guys got scared with my post,please don’t take it,because the training here is very good.You all can perform am sure.

One personal finding or assumption which i would like to share with you all is about the PET.Don’t take it lightly,eventhough the trainers say they dont consider the score i dont trust them.Because i found a pattern in the questions asked for PET.I felt like it is kind of a COMPUTER ADAPTIVE TEST,hope you all know what i meant by that.Everyone holds a userid and password for the exam,everyone geting different questions.Now the suspicious part,according to survey i conducted the difficulty of questions decreases each day if you fails to answer previous days questions,and increases if you manages to answer both questions.And they are preparing a ranklist all india wise for the test.Like people from chennai,bangalore,calcutta and all other centres were there in this ranklist.And i dont feel that they taking the pain just for taking it.All my suspicions.

I forgot to mention questions asked in the PET,

1. Enter a number in commandline and print its ROMAN equivalent.
2. Print a particular series.
3. Matrix determinant,sum,trace etc.All should take input from files.
4. Find combinations of a string.
5. Print “n” prime numbers.
6. Print all ”n” bit numbers.
7. Angle between hour hand and minute of a clock.
8. Search for a word in a paragraph and replace it with another.

Plenty more there but i think these will give you a brief idea on the questions.Hope the post help you in your studys.

1. Fundamental Readiness Program
2. Corporate Readiness Program
3. Technical Readiness Program

FRP: started with a small intro on life in wipro, about being serious about the training etc. About the standard of the class, i will rate 8 out of 10. Everything is in a fast pace,she immediately started of with the syllabi. For the first 2 days it will be C basics, next 3 days it will be DATASTRUCTURES. After that first assessment will be done.

DAY ONE Topics

• Conditional constructs
• Loops
• Formatted I/O functions
• Operators
• Arrays
• Pointers

They provided us with a small hand out with a few programs and assignments.In the afternoon we sat infront of systems doing those programs and assignments, brushing C skills.The difficulty of questions in the hand out varies in an ascending order. Initially questions where very simple,

1. WAP to accept radius of a circle and compute area,circumference etc.
2. WAP to find the frequency of a digit in a given number.
3. WAP to find the sum of a series.
4. WAP a make particular pattern to display.
5. Linear search, bubble sort, insertion sort.
6. Count vowels and consonants in an input string.
7. Matrix related questions.
8. Structure related questions(with medium complexity).
9. Pointer related questions.
10. Concept of FILES.

Now towards the end of the hand out,there are a few application questions,which i dont know whether we are supposed to do at this point of time. Eg:- WAP to find the angle between two needles in a clock.

DAY TWO topics

• Functions
• Command Line Arguments
• String Handling Functions
• FILES
• Structures,Unions
• Recursion

Hope this thing helps a bit ,more to come in coming days of my training……..