2. What do the ‘c’ and ‘v’ in argc and argv stand for?
The letter “c” in argc stands for count. The letter “v” in argv stands for vector.

3. What is the difference between NULL and NUL?
NULL is a macro defined in for the null pointer.
NUL is the name of the first character in the ASCII character set. It corresponds to a zero value.

4. Is using exit() the same as using return?
No. The exit() function is used to exit your program and return control to the operating system. The return statement is used to return from a function and return control to the calling function. If you issue a return from the main() function, you are essentially returning control to the calling function, which is the operating system. In this case, the return statement and exit() function are similar.

5.Structure & Union
There is a difference in the way the structure members and union members are stored. Each member within a structure is assigned its own memory location. But the union members, all share a common memory location. Thus, unions are used to save memory.

6.Type Modifiers
The basic data types except void can be modified using a series of type modifiers to fit the requirement of a particular program more closely.These modifiers are called qualifiers.They are signed, unsigned, short, long.

7. C was developed By Dennis Ritchie & Brian Kerninghan

8.An array subscipt must be an unsigned positive integer.

9.Arguements and Parameters – are the variables used in a program and a function respectively.
Variables used in the function call are called arguements.Variables used in the function definition are called parameters.

10. Storage classes are used to define the scope(visibility) and the life-time of the variables and/or functions.Four storage classes in C – auto, static, extern, register.

11.Recursion – is a technique that defines a function in terms of itself.

12.Compare strcmp() and strncmp():strcmp() function – This function compares two strings character by character.Return zero, if they are equal; 1 if the string1 is greater than the second; and -1 the string1 is less than the string2.
strncmp() function – This compares the first n characters of two input strings.Syntax – strncmp(string1,string2,n);

13. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup

14.What is the purpose of a function prototype?
A function prototype tells the compiler to expect a given function to be used in a given way. i.e, it tells the compiler the nature of the parameters passed to the function and the nature of the value returned by the function.

15.What is the difference between: #include and #include “stdio.h”
They both specify a file for inclusion into the current source file. The difference is where the file stdio.h is expected to be. In the case of the brackets, the compiler will look in all the default locations. In the case of the quotes, the compiler will only look in the current directory.

16.Contrast procedural and object oriented programming.
The procedural paradigm performs computation through a step-by-step manipulation of data items.The object oriented model, in contrast, combines related data and procedural information into a single package called an object. Objects are meant to represent logically separate entities . Objects are grouped together as classes.

17.What are the access privileges in C++ ? What is the default access level ?
The access privileges in C++ are private, public and protected. The default access level assigned to members of a class is private. Private members of a class are accessible only within the class and by friends of the class. Protected members are accessible by the class itself and it’s sub-classes. Public members of a class can be accessed by anyone.

18.What is multiple inheritance & multi-level inheritance ?
Multiple Inheritance is the process whereby a sub-class can be derived from more than one super class.
Multi-level: different levels of inheritance.

19. Complexity of Insertion & Selection sort.
Both has O(N^2).
Selection sort is inefficient on large lists, and generally performs worse than the similar insertion sort.

20.Explain Quicksort & what is its complexity?
O(n log n) complexity on Average
O(n^2) comparisons,In the worst case.

21. Merge sort & complexity.
O(nlogn)

————————————-DBMS——————————————
1. What is a database? And why databases.why not files??
2. What is DBMS?
Is a computerised record keeping system.Which can handle massive amounts of data.It provides for STORAGE, RETRIEVAL,UPDATION of data in an organised manner.

3. Concurrent access control and example.
4.Tuple,attributes in RDBMS.

5.Candidate Key:There may be 2 or more attributes or there combinations which can uniquely identify a record.These attributes or combinations are called CANDIDATE KEYS.Eg:-(Eid,Email Id,CUBICLE ID+CUBICLE PHONE).These are candidates for the primary key.

6.Attribute or group which refers to some other table is called a FORIEGN KEY.

7.Mention various DDL,DML statements.
DML- SELECT , INSERT , UPDATE, DELETE
DDL-CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE

8. DML statements can be rollbacked where as DDL are autocommit.

9.Transaction Control (TCL) statements are used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.
* COMMIT – save work done
* SAVEPOINT – identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back
* ROLLBACK – restore database to original since the last COMMIT

10. Differentiate DELETE & TRUNCATE statements.

11. write a query to retrieve all names and corresponding orders, from 2 tables, person and orders, both related with the help of person Id(primary key of person table).

12.INNER JOIN- keyword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables.
Syntax:SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 INNER JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

13. what does Codd’s rule’s says?
Designed to define what is required from a database management system in order for it to be considered relational.

14. Logical Data Independence.
Changes to the logical level (tables, columns, rows, and so on) must not require a change to an application based on the structure.

15.Normalisation?
A method to avoid problems due to duplication of data values, modification of structure etc.

16. Explain 3NF??
* It should already be in Second Normal Form.
* There should be no transitive dependency, i.e. we shouldn’t have any non-key column depending on any other non-key column.
For second normal form our database should already be in first normal form and every non-key column must depend on entire primary key.

————————————————HTML & Web related stuff————————————————————
1.The correct HTML tag for the largest heading??
<h6>

2. Differentiate <br> and <hr> tags
The <hr /> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.

3. URL – Uniform Resource Locator.Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL.

4.What is URL encoding?
URL encoding replaces unsafe ASCII characters with “%” followed by two hexadecimal digits.

5. What does a URL contains?
The URL has 3 parts:
The protocol (“http”) ,The server name (“www.three2tango.com”), The file name (“simple-notes-on-java-concepts.html”) .
A name server converts the server name into an IP.This IP is used to connect to the server machine.

6. What is an IP address?
Each machine on a network is assigned a unique address called an IP address. IP stands for Internet protocol, and these addresses are 32-bit numbers.Each octet can have values between 0 and 255.Every machine on the Internet has a unique IP address.

7. What is a domain name and DNS?
A set of servers called domain name servers (DNS) maps the human-readable names(domain names) to the IP addresses.

8. Eg: for WAN- usage.
Internet, MNC having large networks.

9. What is OSI-reference model?
Open System Interconnection.The OSI model defines the exact stages that a data must undergo when it travels from one device to another through a network.
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Datalink, Physical.

10. which layer in OSI is closest to the user??
The application layer is said to be the closest layer to the user. eg:- FTP,TELNET, SMTP are examples.

11. AJAX, XML, Javascripts.

12 Can we replace HTML with XML.

13. Default Ports
HTTP-80.
HTTPS-443
FTP-21
SMTP-25

——————————————-Operating System Concepts————————————–
1. Various states of a Process??
new, running, waiting, ready, terminated

2.What is a context switch?
A context switch is the computing process of storing and restoring state (context) of a CPU so that execution can be resumed from the same point at a later time. This enables multiple processes to share a single CPU. The context switch is an essential feature of a multitasking operating system.

3. two different models of IPC.
Shared memory, Message passing.

4. Shortest Job First (SJF) CPU scheduling.Give an eg and find the average waiting time.
p1-6, p2-8,p3-7,p4-3
Avg waiting time = (3+16+9+0)/4 = 7

5.Non-Preemptive Vs Preemptive Scheduling
Non-preemptive algorithms are designed so that once a process enters the running state, it is not removed from the processor until it has completed its service time.
Preemptive algorithms are driven by the notion of prioritized computation. The process with the highest priority should always be the one currently using the processor.

6.Round robin scheduling.
Round Robin calls for the distribution of the processing time equitably among all processes requesting the processor.Run process for one time slice, then move to back of queue. Each process gets equal share of the CPU.

7. Name the conditions which lead to a deadlock.
Mutual exclusion,Hold & wait, No preemption, circular wait.

8.Denial of Service
Overload the targeted computer preventing it from doing any useful work.

Good luck  folks for your interviews..

• Garbage collector
• Which is the Root Namespace?
• CLR?(this you will get explanation from other post(Check CLR))
• Native Code Generator.
• Partial Classes.
• Delegates.
• Abstract Classes & Interfaces.
• StreamReader ,StreamWriter,Buffered Reader,Buffered Writer.
• Regular Expression Classes.
• Reflection.
• Managed Code & Unmanaged Code.
• Anonymous Types.
• Concept of Session and Cookies.
• How to kill a session variable?
• Use of Query String?
• XML Webservice(Check About Webservices)
• AJAX(Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)

What is WSDL?
WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language, an XML-based language that describes Web services and how to access and locate them.

What is UDDI?
UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery and Integration. It is an open, Internet-based specification that offers directory service for storing information about web services.

What are the protocols a .Net Web Service uses.
In .Net, a web service is bind with three different protocols such as HTTP/POST, HTTP/GET, and SOAP,allowing client with three options to choose for communication. These protocols are included in the WSDL file that is automatically generated in .NET.

2. What is CLS??
Common Language Specification is a set of rules and constraints that every dot net compliant language must follow.It is a subset of the CTS.The CLS represents the guidelines defined by for the .NET Framework. These specifications are used by the compiler developers, which target the .NET Framework.

3.What is the difference between a thread and a process?
A process is an instance of a program that is being executed sequentially by a computer system that has the ability to run several programs concurrently.Whilest a single process may contain several executable programs(threads) that work together as a whole.A process have at least one thread of execution, and a thread always run in a process context.

4.What is the difference between a Panel and a GroupBox?
Both these are containers,which can hold other controls like,textboxes,labels,radiobuttons etc.The difference is that panel aint got a caption whereas groupbox can.Another difference is that panel can have scrollbars whereas groupboxes can’t have.

5.What is a POSTBACK ?
A Postback is an process done by a webpage, when the entire page and its contents are sent to the server for processing some information and then, the server posts the same page back to the browser.

1. Explain about the .NET framework.
   The Microsoft .NET Framework is a platform for building, deploying, and running Web Services and applications.The .NET framework consists of two major components-the Common Language Runtime(CLR) and the .NET framework class libraries.CLR manages the code at execution time while the class library consists of reusable types that can be used for developing different applications.
2. What is CLR?
   CLR is the core runtime engine in the .NET framework for executing applications and is known as the execution engine of .NET.It is responsible for cross language integration,security,memory management and other services.
3. Explain how a program in .NET is compiled and executed?
   On compiling the .NET program,the code is converted to MSIL(Microsoft Intermediate Language),which is actually a file consisting of specific set of instructions that are platform and language independent.The CLR then translates the intermediate code into executable code when the program is executed.This conversion is done by the Just in Time(JIT) compiler. This way the .NET programs enjoy portability benefits.
4. What is the difference between web.config and machine.config?
   Web.config is the configuration file for the single application for which it is defined..I is written in xml and contains database connections,session statuses and security.IT does not mean you can have only one web.config for an application. You can have a web.config file for each sub directory in your application if you want to have different settings.The main directory however should have a web.config file which is the file which contains the settings for the entire application.
   Machine.Config is the configuration file for all the applications in the system.It is located in Microsoft.NETFrameworkv1.1.4322CONFIG Folder.
5. What is the difference between dll and exe?
   Exe is an executable program.
   DLL is a file that can be loaded and executed by programs dynamically.Hence DLL can be used in many programs and can be used just by referring to the DLL file.This results in great reduction of the amount of space required.
   Exe has a main function while DLL does not have a main function.
   DLL is an in process component,exe is a out process component.
6. Explain about the IIS.
   IIS is a set of internet based services to be used with Windows. It is a web server which includes FTP,FTPS,HTTP/HTTPS.SMTP etc.
7. Can you name the namespace to which a webpage belongs?
   System.Web.UI.Page.This is the base class from which all ASP.NET webpages are derived from.
8. What are the different phases in the life ycle of a ASP.NET webpage?
   • Page_Init
   • LoadViewState
   • LostPostData
   • Page_Load
   • RaisePostDataChangedEvent
   • RaisePostBackEvent
   • SaveViewState
   • Page_Render
   • Page_Unload
9. What is a ViewState?
   The ViewState indicates the status of the web page when submitted to the server.This state
   is maintained through a hidden field on each page.This is one of the main differences
   between classic ASP and ASP.NET.Classic ASP did not maintain its viewstate and hence once a form was submitted to the server all values will be cleared.But in ASP.NET the form reappears in the browser together with all the form values as ASP.NET maintains your viewstate.
10. What are the different types of authentication in .NET?
    .NET supports three modes of authentication-Windows authentication,Forms authentication and Passport authentication.You can change authentication in the web.config file.The default authentication mode is windows authentication.In Forms authentication is provided by the code written by the developer and the credentials are matched against the database.Passport authentication relies on centralized service provided by Microsoft.It identifies a user using his email address and password and a single Passport account is provided to him.This can be used for any number of websites.There is also a fourth category of authentication mode where no authentication is specified.

See more Technical Interview Questions